ENVIRONMENTAL RISK IN WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR BULGARIA

Abstract

The article examines the environmental risk associated with waste management in Bulgaria in the context of contemporary environmental policy and the transition to a circular economy. The increasing amount of waste, driven by industrialization, urbanization, and growing consumption, poses serious challenges to the environment and human health. The study analyzes the concept of “environmental risk” as the probability that activities related to the generation, transportation, and treatment of waste may cause adverse impacts on natural resources and ecosystems. The main types of environmental risk are discussed, including technological, chemical, biological, and cumulative risks, as well as the risks of contamination of soil, water resources, and atmospheric air. Special attention is given to the management of hazardous waste, including medical and electronic waste, which contain toxic substances and require specialized treatment methods.

The article also analyzes the regulatory framework in Bulgaria, based on the Waste Management Act and European directives, as well as the role of institutional control and the “polluter pays” principle. Practical examples from Bulgarian practice and a comparative analysis with international waste management models are presented. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that combines technological innovations, effective regulation, and active public participation in order to reduce environmental risk and achieve sustainable development.