WOMEN IN STEM: ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) remains one of the most persistent challenges facing knowledge-based economies. Despite substantial progress in female educational attainment and labour market participation, gender disparities continue to characterize STEM education, employment, research productivity, and leadership positions. This paper analyses global trends in women's participation in STEM, identifies the structural and socio-cultural determinants of gender inequality, and examines the implications of gender gaps for economic development and innovation performance. Using data from UNESCO, OECD, the World Economic Forum, and national statistical agencies, the study demonstrates that while women represent approximately one-third of researchers worldwide, their participation varies considerably across regions and disciplines. The findings reveal that the principal challenge is no longer access to education but rather retention and career advancement, commonly referred to as the "leaky pipeline." The article argues that increasing women's participation in STEM is both a social justice imperative and an economic necessity, as gender diversity contributes positively to innovation capacity, productivity growth, and sustainable development.