CONTROLLING AND AUDITING: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, MODERN TRENDS AND SUCCESFULL PRACTICES IN BULGARIA AND AROUND THE WORLD

Authors

  • Tenyo Manolov

Keywords:

controlling, auditing, management, effectiveness, transparency, organizational eficiency, strategic control, financial audit.

Abstract

This article focuses on the historical development, theoretical foundations, and

practical implications of controlling and auditing. The analysis covers conceptual, organizational,

institutional, and interinstitutional dimensions, highlighting their significance for optimizing

organizational efficiency and transparency. The examination of international best practices provides

workable alternatives for enhancing management control systems and audit effectiveness in

corporations and public sector institutions.

References

1. AuditBoard. (2023). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: A comprehensive overview. https://

www.auditboard.com/blog/the-sarbanes-oxley-act-overview/

2. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). (2013).

Internal control – Integrated framework. https://www.coso.org

3. Federal Court of Accounts of Brazil (TCU). (2023). Annual report of activities. https://

portal.tcu.gov.br

4. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2021). Global internal audit survey: Key findings

and trends 2016–2020. IIA Research Foundation.

5. Kelley, K. (2023). What is a compliance audit? TechTarget – SearchCIO. https://

www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/compliance-audit

6. Mann, G., & Mayer, E. (1992). Controlling for beginners [Контроллинг для

начинающих]. Finance and Statistics.

7. National Audit Office (UK). (2024). Annual report and accounts 2023–24. https://

www.nao.org.uk/reports/annual-report-and-accounts-2023-24/

8. New Jersey Office of the State Comptroller. (2022, December 13). What is a

performance audit? [Blog post]. https://www.nj.gov/comptroller/news/blog/20221213.shtml

9. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2011). Innovation

in country risk management: Singapore – Whole-of-government integrated risk management.

OECD Studies in Risk Management. https://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/innovation-in-country-risk-

management.htm

10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2017). Brazil’s

Federal Court of Accounts: Insight and foresight for better governance. OECD Public

Governance Reviews. https://www.oecd.org/gov/brazil-federal-court-of-accounts.htm

11. Smith, B. (2020, June 23). NAO scrutiny ‘generated £1.1bn in savings and better public

services’ in 2019. Civil Service World. https://www.civilserviceworld.com

12. Tadesse, A., Rosa, G. C., & Parker, R. J. (2021). The adoption and consequences of

COSO 2013. Accounting Horizons, 36(4), 241–268. https://doi.org/10.2308/HORIZONS-19-212

13. Tripathy, D. (2012, February 3). 2G case: Supreme Court quashes 122 telecoms licences.

Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/india-telecoms-idINDEE81206M20120203

14. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2022). Audit institutions and

anti-corruption practices: A global review. https://www.unodc.org

15. U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2025, May 13). GAO

recommendations have led to $725 billion in financial benefits – Duplication & cost savings

annual report. https://www.gao.gov

16. WallStreetMojo. (2019). Internal audit vs external audit: Top 6 differences (with

infographics). https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/internal-audit-vs-external-audit/

17. World Bank. (2018). Enhancing government effectiveness and transparency: The fight

against corruption. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance/publication

Downloads

Published

2026-04-24