EPOCHS AND FRACTURES. BRIEF SKETCHES

Authors

  • Krasimir Romanov Asenov University of agribusiness and rural development

Keywords:

human history, epoch, society

Abstract

Human history is rarely a smooth, linear process. It unfolds as a series of ups and downs, as successive epochs separated by catastrophes – political, economic, environmental, cultural. It is these faults that give the historical narrative its dynamism.

References

1. Allison, G. (2013). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban missile crisis (2nd ed.). Longman.

2. Augustine. (2003). The city of God (H. Bettenson, Trans.). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 426)

3. Auty, R. M. (1993). Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis. Routledge.

4. Bell, L. (1971). Ancient Egypt: The unbroken past. Harper & Row.

5. Benedictow, O. J. (2004). The Black Death 1346–1353: The complete history. Boydell & Brewer.

6. Cicero. (2009). On the Orator, Book 2: De Oratore. Harvard University Press.

7. Clark, C. (2012). The sleepwalkers: How Europe went to war in 1914. Harper.

8. Cline, E. H. (2014). 1177 B.C.: The year civilization collapsed. Princeton University Press.

9. Cooper, J. S. (2019). Ancient Mesopotamia: Civilization and collapse. Routledge.

10. Doniger, W. (2009). The Hindus: An alternative history. Penguin.

11. Doyle, W. (2001). The Oxford history of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press.

12. Drews, R. (1993). The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton University Press.

13. Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. Free Press.

14. Gibbon, E. (1994). The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire (D. Womersley, Ed.; Vol. 1). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1776)

15. Harper, K. (2017). The fate of Rome: Climate, disease, and the end of an empire. Princeton University Press.

16. Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of spirit (A. V. Miller, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1807)

17. Heraclitus. (n.d.). Fragments (H. D. S. Anglicized). In T. M. Robinson (Ed.), The Presocratic philosophers (pp. 53). Hackett.

18. Hesiod. (n.d.). Works and Days (M. L. West, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published ca. 700 BCE)

19. Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Age of extremes: The short twentieth century, 1914–1991. Michael Joseph.

20. Latour, B. (2017). Facing Gaia: Eight lectures on the new climatic regime. Polity.

21. Lichtheim, M. (1973). Ancient Egyptian literature: Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. University of California Press.

22. Mann, C. C. (2005). 1491: New revelations of the Americas before Columbus. Knopf.

23. Martinez-Alier, J. (2002). The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. Edward Elgar

24. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1998). The Communist Manifesto (S. Moore, Trans.). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1848)

25. McCormick, M., et al. (2012). Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the past from multiple proxies. Science, 338(6107), 1411–1416.

26. Ostry, J. D., Loungani, P., & Furceri, D. (2016). Neoliberalism: Oversold? Finance & Development, 53(2), 38–41.

27. Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Beacon Press. (Original work published 1944)

28. Possehl, G. L. (2002). The Indus civilization: A contemporary perspective. AltaMira Press.

29. Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Academic.

30. Tooze, A. (2021). Shutdown: How COVID shook the world’s economy. Viking.

31. Weiss, H., et al. (1993). The genesis and collapse of third millennium North Mesopotamian civilization. Science, 261(5124), 995–1004.

32. West, M. L. (2007). The East Face of Helicon: West Greek epic tradition. Oxford University Press.

33. Young, C. (2001). The African colonial state in comparative perspective. Yale University Press.

Downloads

Published

2026-04-24